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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Three Represents</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><div class="infobox-caption">A slogan in Futu, <a href="Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, which reads: "Practice the Thought of Three Represents, advance the reform on rural tax system", with the word "reform" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">改革</span></span>) blocked by a billboard.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">「三个代表」重要思想</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">「三個代表」重要思想</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">"Sān gè dàibiǎo" zhòngyào sīxiǎng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
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<td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#DD0000;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of<br>a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Jiang Zemin</span></a></span></span></td>
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<hr>
<div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">
<ul><li><a href="Jiang_Zemin#Early_life" title="Jiang Zemin">Early life</a></li>
<li><a href="Wang_Yeping" title="Wang Yeping">Wang Yeping (wife)</a></li>
<li><a href="Jiang_Mianheng" title="Jiang Mianheng">Jiang Mianheng (son)</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Selected_Works_of_Jiang_Zemin" title="Selected Works of Jiang Zemin">Selected Works of Jiang Zemin</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Reflections_on_Energy_Issues_in_China" title="Reflections on Energy Issues in China">Reflections on Energy Issues in China</a></i></li></ul>
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<hr>
<div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Administration</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">
<ul><li><a href="14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1992 reelection as General Secretary</a></li>
<li><a href="15th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1997 reelection as General Secretary</a></li>
<li><a href="Shanghai_clique" title="Shanghai clique">Shanghai clique</a></li></ul>
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<hr>
<div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Policies and theories</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a>
<ul><li><a href="Grasping_the_large%2C_letting_go_of_the_small" title="Grasping the large, letting go of the small">Grasping the large, letting go of the small</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Three_Stresses_campaign" title="Three Stresses campaign">Three Stresses campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="Program_973" title="Program 973">Program 973</a></li>
<li><a href="Project_211" title="Project 211">Project 211</a></li>
<li><a href="Project_985" title="Project 985">Project 985</a></li>
<li><a href="China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a></li>
<li><a href="Go_Out_policy" title="Go Out policy">Go Out policy</a></li></ul>
</div></div>
<hr>
<div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Key events</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">
<ul><li><a href="Deng_Xiaoping's_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a></li>
<li><a href="1993_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_China" title="1993 amendment to the Constitution of China">1993 constitutional amendment</a></li>
<li><a href="Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a></li>
<li><a href="Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="1998_China_floods" title="1998 China floods">1998 China floods</a></li>
<li><a href="1999_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_China" title="1999 amendment to the Constitution of China">1999 constitutional amendment</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li>
<li><a href="Handover_of_Macau" title="Handover of Macau">Handover of Macau</a></li></ul>
</div></div>
<hr>
<div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Diplomatic activities</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_international_trips_made_by_Jiang_Zemin" title="List of international trips made by Jiang Zemin">International trips</a></li>
<li><a href="State_visit_by_Jiang_Zemin_to_Japan" title="State visit by Jiang Zemin to Japan">1998 Japan visit</a></li>
<li><a href="United_States_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">US Belgrade embassy bombing</a></li>
<li><a href="2001_Sino-Russian_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship">2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship</a></li>
<li><a href="State_visit_by_Jiang_Zemin_to_Germany%2C_Libya%2C_Nigeria%2C_Tunisia_and_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="State visit by Jiang Zemin to Germany, Libya, Nigeria, Tunisia and Iran">2002 Germany, Libya, <br>Nigeria, Tunisia and Iran visit</a></li></ul>
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<p>The <b>Three Represents</b>, officially the <b>Theory of Three Represents</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a political doctrine that defines the role of the <a href="Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) in Chinese society. It legitimized the entry of private business owners and bourgeois elements into the CCP.
</p><p>The theory was first introduced by <a href="Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>—then the General Secretary of the CCP—on 25 February 2000, while he was on the inspection tour in <a href="Gaozhou%2C_Guangdong" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaozhou, Guangdong">Gaozhou, Guangdong</a>. During Jiang's leadership, the Three Represents was officially described as the "Marxism for contemporary China" and the development of <a href="Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, <a href="Maoism" title="Maoism">Mao Zedong Thought</a> and <a href="Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a>. The theory was ratified by the party at the <a href="16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">16th Party Congress</a> in November 2002. It was also <a href="2004_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_China" title="2004 amendment to the Constitution of China">written</a> to the <a href="Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Chinese Constitution</a> on March 14, 2004.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2></div>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party</a></div>
<p>Following the tenure of <a href="Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, Jiang Zemin articulated a new theory to define the new relationship between the party and the people, which is named Three Represents.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Three Represents was devised by a small team including the political theorist <a href="Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang first delivered a speech about the Three Represents on 25 February 2000 during a symposium on party building in Guangzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It brought wide attention and many interpretations of the meaning of the speech.<sup id="cite_ref-改革开放以来意识形态创新的历史考察_-_中国知网_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-改革开放以来意识形态创新的历史考察_-_中国知网-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Three Represents results from Jiang Zemin's efforts to grapple with the diverse class backgrounds of party members and their sometimes conflicting material interests.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on Mao's premise that the Communist Party should serve the people, it became important as China's private sector grew to bring "worthy people from all sectors who are loyal to the motherland and to socialism" into the Party.<sup id="cite_ref-:92_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 50">: 50 </span></sup>
</p><p>
In Jiang's speech on the Three Represents on the 80th anniversary of the founding of the CCP in 2001, he claimed that the expansion of "working class" would help the party remain advanced as the vanguard of the working class by expanding its popular support and increasing its social influence. Jiang made a statement on the concept of the working class that it includes intellectuals:</p><blockquote><p>"With intellectuals being part of the working class, the scientific, technical and educational level of the working class has been raised considerably... Consequently some workers have changed their jobs. But this has not changed the status of the Chinese working class. On the contrary, this will serve to improve the overall quality of the working class and give play to its advantages as a group in the long run. The Chinese working class has always been the basic force for promoting the advanced productive forces in China. Our Party must remain the vanguard of the working class and unswervingly and wholeheartedly rely on the working class."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The Three Represents were written into the <a href="Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP constitution</a> to be part of CCP's guiding ideology during the <a href="16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">16th Party National Congress</a> in November 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also <a href="2004_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_China" title="2004 amendment to the Constitution of China">written</a> to the <a href="Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Chinese Constitution</a> on March 14, 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-bhr_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2></div>
<p>The theory requires the CCP to:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ol><li>Represent the development trend of China's advanced <a href="Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">productive forces</a>.</li>
<li>Represent the orientation of China's advanced culture.</li>
<li>Represent the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the <a href="Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese people</a>.</li></ol>
<p>In this context, to "represent" means to incorporate.<sup id="cite_ref-:92_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 50">: 50 </span></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_reception">Influence and reception</h2></div>
<p>Jiang's theory was the subject of significant internal debate.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters viewed it as a further development of <a href="Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characteristics</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a mechanism to incorporate <a href="Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> elements into the discipline of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-:322_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:322-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 76">: 76 </span></sup> Certain segments within the CCP criticized the Three Represents as being un-<a href="Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> and a betrayal of basic Marxist values.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criticism originated on all ideological sides of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Three Represents was officially described by <a href="Li_Changchun" title="Li Changchun">Li Changchun</a>, a member of the <a href="Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Politburo Standing Committee</a>, as the "Marxism for contemporary China".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory officially is continuation and development of <a href="Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, <a href="Maoism" title="Maoism">Mao Zedong Thought</a> and <a href="Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Jiang said that by representing Chinese people in three levels, the party used the interests and demands of the overwhelming majority of the people to replace the specific interests of people from different quarters, especially the class nature of the working class. As Xiao Gongqin argues, the innovation of the "Three Represents" theory was meant to complete the historical ideology transformation of CCP from a revolutionary party to a ruling party. The CCP can keep its legitimacy under the 'socialist market economy' or any system that is conducive to the development of advanced productive forces, without promoting any revolutionary movement or keeping the ideal of egalitarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-改革开放以来意识形态创新的历史考察_-_中国知网_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-改革开放以来意识形态创新的历史考察_-_中国知网-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Jiang disagreed with the assertion that his theories were not Marxist, and concluded that attaining the communist <a href="Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a> (as formulated by earlier communists) was more complex than had been realized; it was useless to try to force a change, as it had to develop naturally by following the <a href="Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">economic laws of history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory is most notable for allowing <a href="Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalists</a>, officially referred to as the "new <a href="Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social strata</a>", to join the party on the grounds that they engaged in "honest labour and work" and through their labour contributed "to build[ing] socialism with Chinese characteristics."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang's decision to allow capitalists into the CCP was criticized as "political misconduct" and "ideological confusions".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These critiques helped fuel the rise of the <a href="Chinese_New_Left" title="Chinese New Left">Chinese New Left</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Zheng_Bijian" title="Zheng Bijian">Zheng Bijian</a>, the executive vice president of the <a href="Central_Party_School_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Party School</a> who has been active in helping to create the Three Represents, argued that a party of the whole people would be a catch-all party that would include diverse and conflicting interests. To include all of the broad mass of contemporary Chinese intellectuals, science and technology workers, cultural workers, and economic managers, in the category of the so-called 'middle class' would weaken or even obliterate the working class.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>At the time Jiang announced the theory, most entrepreneurs who were members of the CCP had been party members before starting their businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change allowed for a new cohort of party members who could join after having had success in business.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greatest jump in the numbers of party members who are also entrepreneurs came in 2001, not long after the announcement of the Three Represents.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years (as of 2022), around 30-35% of Chinese entrepreneurs have been party members.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Academic Lin Chun writes that while "nothing was politically incorrect in this banal statement" of the Three Represents, "it simply signaled that the party no longer even pretended to be the vanguard of the working class."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Academics <a href="Steve_Tsang" title="Steve Tsang">Steve Tsang</a> and Olivia Cheung observe that the Three Represents helped co-opt economic elites and extend the party's reach into the growing private sector.<sup id="cite_ref-:Tsang&Cheung_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Tsang&Cheung-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 79">: 79 </span></sup> Academic Pang Laikwan describes the Three Represents as legitimating privately-owned enterprises in the context of the socialist market economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2020" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Yibing (2020). <i>An ideological history of the Communist Party of China</i>. Vol. 3. Qian Zheng, Guoyou Wu, Xuemei Ding, Li Sun, Shelly Bryant. Montreal, Quebec. pp. <span class="nowrap">474–</span>475. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4878-0425-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1165409653">1165409653</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bhr-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bhr_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZhongQian2014" class="citation book cs1">Zhong, Huang; Qian, Cheng (2014). "The Disappearance of Hong Kong in Comics, Advertising and Graphic Design". In Plantilla, Jefferson R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-humanrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/Merging%20Business%20and%20Human%20Rights%20in%20China.pdf"><i>Bridging Human Rights Principles and Business Realities in Northeast Asia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Malaysia: Vinlin Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>53.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDittmer2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dittmer, Lowell (2003). "Chinese Factional Politics Under Jiang Zemin". <i><a href="Journal_of_East_Asian_Studies" title="Journal of East Asian Studies">Journal of East Asian Studies</a></i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">97–</span>128. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1598240800001132">10.1017/S1598240800001132</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1598-2408">1598-2408</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23417742">23417742</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155266344">155266344</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLin2006" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Chun (2006). <i>The Transformation of Chinese Socialism</i>. Durham [N.C.]: <a href="Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 258. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780822388364">10.1515/9780822388364</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8223-3785-0</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63178961">63178961</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:322-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:322_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2023" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Ken (2023). <i>China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future</i>. New York, NY: 1804 Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781736850084</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.people.cn/200309/24/eng20030924_124797.shtml">"'Three Represents' is Marxism for contemporary China: official"</a>. <i><a href="People's_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i>. 24 September 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.theorychina.org.cn/c/2021-05-04/1393245.shtml">"The Theory of Three Represents"</a>. <i>Theory China</i>. 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:5-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Robert_Lawrence_Kuhn" title="Robert Lawrence Kuhn">Kuhn, Robert Lawrence</a> (2004). <a href="The_Man_Who_Changed_China" title="The Man Who Changed China"><i>The Man who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin</i></a>. <a href="Crown_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Publishers">Crown Publishers</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">107–</span>110. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4000-5474-9</bdi>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2022" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Scott (2022). <i>China's Next Act: How Sustainability and Technology are Reshaping China's Rise and the World's Future</i>. New York, NY. p. 17. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197603994.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780197603994.001.0001</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-760401-4</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1316703008">1316703008</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFewsmith2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fewsmith, Joseph (December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/clm2_JF.pdf">"Rethinking the Role of the CCP: Explicating Jiang Zemin's Party Anniversary Speech"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>China Leadership Monitor</i>. 1 Part 2: 5.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:6-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMarquisQiao2022" class="citation book cs1">Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). <i>Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise</i>. New Haven: <a href="Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>14. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k">10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-300-26883-6</bdi>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3006z6k">j.ctv3006z6k</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1348572572">1348572572</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253067190">253067190</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:Tsang&Cheung-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Tsang&Cheung_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTsangCheung2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Steve_Chang" title="Steve Chang">Tsang, Steve</a>; Cheung, Olivia (2024). <i>The Political Thought of Xi Jinping</i>. <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780197689363</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:Laikwan-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLaikwan2024" class="citation book cs1">Laikwan, Pang (2024). <i>One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty</i>. Stanford, CA: <a href="Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 170. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503638822">10.1515/9781503638822</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781503638815</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>
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<ul><li><i><a href="https://archive.org/details/JiangZeminThreeRepresents" class="extiw external" title="iarchive:JiangZeminThreeRepresents">On the “Three Represents”</a></i>, a collection of speeches by Jiang Zemin</li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFLewisXue_Litai2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, John W.; Xue Litai (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050502041234/http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20615/Lewis-Xue-poli_reform.pdf">"Social Change and Political Reform in China: Meeting the Challenge of Success"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The China Quarterly</i>. <b>176</b> (176): <span class="nowrap">926–</span>942. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741003000559">10.1017/S0305741003000559</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154325971">154325971</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20615/Lewis-Xue-poli_reform.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 May 2005.</cite></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/e-speech/a.htm">Jiang Zemin's Speech at the Meeting Celebrating the 80th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China</a> (2001). <a href="China_Internet_Information_Center" title="China Internet Information Center">China Internet Information Center</a>.</li></ul>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jiang_Zemin450" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Jiang_Zemin450" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="President_of_China" title="President of China">President of China</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies<br>and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Leadership core</a>
<ul><li><a href="Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a></li></ul></li>
<li>
<ul><li><a href="Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a></li>
<li><a href="Go_Out_policy" title="Go Out policy">Go Out policy</a></li>
<li><a href="Jiang's_Eight_Points" title="Jiang's Eight Points">Jiang's Eight Points</a></li>
<li><a href="Never_promise_to_renounce_the_use_of_force" title="Never promise to renounce the use of force">Never promise to renounce the use of force</a></li>
<li><a href="Revitalize_the_country_through_science_and_education" title="Revitalize the country through science and education">Revitalize the country through science and education</a>
<ul><li><a href="Program_973" title="Program 973">Program 973</a></li>
<li><a href="Project_211" title="Project 211">Project 211</a></li>
<li><a href="Project_985" title="Project 985">Project 985</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Three_Stresses_campaign" title="Three Stresses campaign">Three Stresses campaign</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1992 reelection as Party general secretary</a></li>
<li><a href="15th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1997 reelection as Party general secretary</a></li>
<li><a href="Development_and_opening_up_of_Pudong" title="Development and opening up of Pudong">Development and opening up of Pudong</a></li>
<li><a href="Deng_Xiaoping's_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a></li>
<li><a href="1993_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_China" title="1993 amendment to the Constitution of China">1993 constitutional amendment</a></li>
<li><a href="Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a></li>
<li><a href="Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">Great Firewall</a></li>
<li><a href="Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="1998_China_floods" title="1998 China floods">1998 China floods</a></li>
<li><a href="Business_activities_of_the_Chinese_military" title="Business activities of the Chinese military">Stopping the business activities of the Chinese military</a></li>
<li><a href="1999_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_China" title="1999 amendment to the Constitution of China">1999 constitutional amendment</a></li>
<li><a href="Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a>
<ul><li><a href="610_Office" title="610 Office">610 Office</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="50th_anniversary_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="50th anniversary of the People's Republic of China">1999 China 50th National Day grand parade</a></li>
<li><a href="Handover_of_Macau" title="Handover of Macau">Handover of Macau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_international_trips_made_by_Jiang_Zemin" title="List of international trips made by Jiang Zemin">International trips</a></li>
<li><a href="State_visit_by_Jiang_Zemin_to_Russia%2C_Ukraine_and_France" class="mw-redirect" title="State visit by Jiang Zemin to Russia, Ukraine and France">1994 Russia, Ukraine and France</a></li>
<li><a href="State_visit_by_Jiang_Zemin_to_Japan" title="State visit by Jiang Zemin to Japan">1998 Japan visit</a></li>
<li><a href="United_States_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade</a></li>
<li><a href="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li>
<li><a href="Hainan_Island_incident" title="Hainan Island incident">Hainan Island incident</a></li>
<li><a href="2001_Sino-Russian_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship">2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship</a></li>
<li><a href="State_visit_by_Jiang_Zemin_to_Germany%2C_Libya%2C_Nigeria%2C_Tunisia_and_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="State visit by Jiang Zemin to Germany, Libya, Nigeria, Tunisia and Iran">2020 Germany, Libya, Nigeria, Tunisia and Iran visit</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Energy_Development_Trends_and_Major_Energy_Conservation_Measures" title="Energy Development Trends and Major Energy Conservation Measures">Energy Development Trends and Major Energy Conservation Measures</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Science_in_China_(editorial)" title="Science in China (editorial)">Science in China</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Selected_Works_of_Jiang_Zemin" title="Selected Works of Jiang Zemin">Selected Works of Jiang Zemin</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Reflections_on_Energy_Issues_in_China" title="Reflections on Energy Issues in China">Reflections on Energy Issues in China</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Wang_Yeping" title="Wang Yeping">Wang Yeping</a> (wife)</li>
<li><a href="Jiang_Mianheng" title="Jiang Mianheng">Jiang Mianheng</a> (son)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_awards_and_honours_received_by_Jiang_Zemin" title="List of awards and honours received by Jiang Zemin">Awards</a></li>
<li><a href="Moha_(meme)" title="Moha (meme)">Moha</a></li>
<li><a href="Shanghai_clique" title="Shanghai clique">Shanghai clique</a></li>
<li><i><a href="The_Man_Who_Changed_China" title="The Man Who Changed China">The Man Who Changed China</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Walking_Into_the_New_Era" title="Walking Into the New Era">Walking Into the New Era</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="World_Economic_Herald" title="World Economic Herald">World Economic Herald</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jiang_Zemin" title="Death and state funeral of Jiang Zemin">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category:Jiang Zemin</b></li></ul>
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